Kwakabva: Kuchengeta Mhuka Yekune dzimwe nyika, Nguruve uye Huku, Nha.01,2019

Abstract: Iri bepa rinosuma mashandisirwo eantibiotics mukugadzirwa kwehuku, uye simba rayo pakugadzirwa kwehuku, kushanda kwekudzivirira muviri, maruva emukati, huku yechigadzirwa chehuku, mishonga inosara uye kuramba kwemishonga, uye inoongorora tarisiro yekushandiswa uye hutungamiri hwemangwana remishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muindasitiri yehuku.

Mashoko anokosha: antibiotics; chicken; kugadzirwa kwekuita; immune function; zvinodhaka zvakasara; kusagadzikana kwezvinodhaka

Pakati Figure Classification Nhamba: S831 Document logo code: C Article Nha.: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kana mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kudzivisa uye kuuraya utachiona hwehutachiona pane dzimwe nzvimbo.Moore et al vakashuma kwekutanga kuti kuwedzerwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muzvokudya kwakanyatsovandudza kuwedzera kwezuva nezuva [1] mumabroilers.Pashure, mishumo yakafanana yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. kumakore ekuma1990, tsvakiridzo yemishonga inorwisa utachiona muindasitiri yehuku yakatanga muChina. Iye zvino, anopfuura makumi maviri emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ave achishandiswa zvakanyanya, achiita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira kugadzirwa kwehuku nekudzivirira nekudzora zvirwere.Kufambira mberi kwekutsvakurudza kwekushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pahuku inotangwa sezvinotevera.

1; Mhedzisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pakugadzira huku

Yellow, dynamycin, bacidin zinc, amamycin, etc., inogona kushandiswa kukurudzira kukura, iyo nzira ndeye: inhibiting kana kuuraya huku intestinal mabhakitiriya, kudzivisa kupararira kwebhakitiriya inokuvadza mumatumbo, kuderedza chiitiko; ita kuti madziro emukati emhuka ave mutete, awedzere intestinal mucosa permeability, mhanyisa kubatwa kwezvinovaka muviri; inhibisa intestinal microbial kukura uye basa, kuderedza microbial kushandiswa kwezvokudya uye simba, uye kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwezvokudya muhuku; inhibit intestinal mabhakitiriya anokuvadza anogadzira metabolites anokuvadza [2] .Anshengying et al akawedzera maantibioti kuti adyise mazai mazai, ayo akawedzera uremu hwemuviri wavo ne 6.24% pakupera kwenguva yekuedzwa, uye akaderedza kuwanda kwemanyoka ne [3] .Wan Jianmei et al akawedzera madhasi akasiyana eVirginamycin uye enricamycin mukudya kwekutanga kwe1-day yekare AA broilers, izvo zvakanyanya kuwedzera avhareji. zuva nezuva kuwedzera uremu hwemazuva gumi nerimwe kusvika makumi maviri ebroilers ekare uye avhareji yemazuva ese ekudya yemazuva makumi maviri nemaviri kusvika ku41 ekare mabroiler; kuwedzera flavamycin (5 mg / kg) zvakanyanya kuwedzera avhareji yezuva nezuva kuwedzera kwemakumi maviri nemaviri kusvika ku41-mazuva ekare broilers.Ni Jiang et al. yakawedzera 4 mg / kg lincomycin uye 50 mg / kg zinc; uye 20 mg / kg colistin ye26 d, iyo yakawedzera zvakanyanya kuwedzera kwezuva nezuva kuwedzera [5] .Wang Manhong et al. yakawedzera enlamycin, bacracin zinc uye naceptide ye42, d zvakateerana mukudya kwehuku yezuva 1 yeAA, iyo yaive nemhedzisiro inokurudzira kukura, neavhareji uremu hwezuva nezuva kuwedzera uye kudya kwekudya kwakawedzera, uye chiyero chenyama chakaderera ne [6].

2; Migumisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pakushanda kwekudzivirira kwehuku

Kushanda kwezvirwere zvezvipfuyo nehuku kunobata basa rinokosha mukusimudzira kurwisana nechirwere uye kuderedza kuitika kwechirwere.Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kwenguva refu kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunodzivisa kukura kwehuku, kuderedza kushanda kwavo uye nyore kutapukira. Zvirwere.Its immunosuppression mechanism ndeye: kuuraya zvakananga ma microorganisms emukati kana kutadzisa kukura kwavo, kuderedza kukurudzira kwemukati epithelium uye. intestinal lymphoid tissue, nokudaro kuderedza activation mamiriro emuviri immune system; kukanganisa immunoglobulin synthesis; kuderedza sero phagocytosis; uye kuderedza mitotic basa remuviri lymphocytes [7] .Jin Jiushan et al. akawedzera 0.06%, 0.010% uye 0.15% chloramphenicol kwemazuva 2 kusvika 60 ekare broilers, iyo yaiva yakakosha inhibitory effect pahuku dysentery uye avian typhoid fever, asi zvakanyanya kuvharwa uye kukanganisa [8] munhengo, mwongo uye hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun et al akadyisa mabroilers ezuva 1 chikafu chine 150 mg / kg goldomycin, uye uremu hwe thymus, spleen uye bursa zvakanyanya kuderedzwa [9] pamazuva 42 ezera.Guo Xinhua et al. yakawedzera 150 mg / kg yegilomycin muzvokudya zvevarume vemazuva 1 veAA, zvakanyanya kudzivisa kukura kwenhengo dzakadai sebursa, humoral immune response, uye kutendeuka kweT lymphocytes uye B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang et al. akadyiswa 4 mg / kg lincomycin hydrochloride, 50 mg uye 20 mg / kg broilers zvichiteerana, uye bursac index uye thymus index uye spleen index hazvina kuchinja zvakanyanya. Kuvharidzirwa kweIgA muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chemapoka matatu kwakaderera zvikuru, uye chiyero che serum IgM muboka re bactereracin zinc yakaderera zvikuru [5].Zvisinei, Jia Yugang et al. yakawedzera 50 mg / kg yegilomycin kune 1-zuva-yekare kudya kwechirume kuwedzera huwandu hwe immunoglobulin IgG uye IgM muTibetan huku, kukurudzira kuburitswa kwe cytokine IL-2, IL-4 uye INF-mu serum, uye nokudaro kuwedzera immune function [11], zvinopesana nezvimwe zvidzidzo.

3; Mhedzisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pahuku intestinal flora

Kune ma microorganisms akasiyana-siyana mudumbu rehuku dzakajairika, izvo zvinochengetedza kuenzanisa kuburikidza nekubatana, izvo zvinobatsira pakukura nekukura kwehuku.Mushure mekushandiswa kwakawanda kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kufa uye kuderedzwa kwebhakitiriya inonzwisisika mugumbo rekudya kunovhiringidza. muenzaniso wekudzivirirana pakati pemaruva ebhakitiriya, zvichiita kuti pave nehutachiona hutsva.Sechinhu chinogona kunyatsodzivirira microorganisms, antibacterial zvinodhaka zvinogona kurambidza uye kuuraya tupukanana dzose muhuku, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko ekudya uye kukonzera zvirwere zvekudya.Tong Jianming et al. yakawedzera 100 mg / kg gilomycin kune yekutanga kudya kwe1-zuva rekare AA huku, nhamba yeLactobacillus uye bifidobacterium murectum pamazuva manomwe yaive yakaderera zvakanyanya pane yeboka rekutonga, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha pakati pehuwandu hwemabhakitiriya maviri. mushure memazuva gumi nemana ekuberekwa; nhamba yeEscherichia coli yakanga yakanyanya kudarika boka rekutonga pa7,14,21 uye 28 mazuva, uye [12] neboka rekutonga gare gare.Kuedzwa kwaZhou Yanmin et al kwakaratidza kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakadzivisa zvikuru jejunum, E. coli. uye Salmonella, uye zvakanyanya inhibited Lactobacillus kupararira [13] .Ma Yulong et al. kudyiswa chibage chesoyabhinzi chezuva 1 chekudya chakawedzerwa ne50 mg/kg aureomycin kumanyana eAA kwe42 d, zvichideredza nhamba yeClostridium enterica neE. coli, asi haina kubudisa zvakakosha [14] pahuwandu hwemabhakitiriya eaerobic, bhakitiriya rose reanaerobic. uye nhamba dzeLactobacillus.Wu opan et al akawedzera 20 mg / kg Virginiamycin kune 1-zuva-yekare AA kudya huku, iyo yakaderedza polymorphism yemaruva emukumbo, iyo yakaderedza 14-day-old ileal uye cecal bands, uye yakaratidza kusiyana kukuru mumapu ebhakitiriya kufanana [15] .Xie et al akawedzera cephalosporin kune kudya kwe1-day-old yellow feather chicks. uye akawana kuti inhibitory effect paL. lactis mudumbu duku, asi inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya nhamba yeL. [16] muropa. rectum.Lei Xinjian akawedzera 200 mg / kg;;;;;;;;; bactereracin zinc uye 30 mg / kg Virginiamycin maererano, iyo yakanyanya kuderedza nhamba ye cechia coli neLactobacillus mubroilers yemazuva 42. Yin Luyao et al akawedzera 0.1 g / kg ye bacracin zinc premix ye70 d, iyo yakaderedza kuwanda kwe mabhakitiriya anokuvadza mucecum, asi kuwanda kwececum microorganisms yakadzikirawo [18] .Kunewo mishumo mishomanana inopesana yokuti kuwedzerwa kwe20 mg / kg sulfate antienemy element inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya nhamba ye bifidobacterium [19] mune cecal zviri mukati memazuva makumi maviri nerimwe ekuberekwa.

4; Mhedzisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pamhando yechigadzirwa chehuku

Huku nemazai ane hukama zvakanyanya neukoshi hwekudya, uye mhedzisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pamhando yezvigadzirwa zvehuku haienderane.Pane mazuva makumi matanhatu, kuwedzera 5 mg / kg kwe60 d kunogona kuwedzera mhasuru yekurasikirwa kwemvura uye kuderedza chiyero. yenyama yakabikwa, uye kuwedzera zvirimo zveunsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids uye akakosha fatty acids ane chekuita nekutsva uye kutapira, zvichiratidza kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ine zvishoma. mhedzisiro yakaipa pahunhu hwenyama yemhando uye inogona kuvandudza kunaka kwehuku kusvika kumwero wakati.Wan Jianmei et al vakawedzera virinamycin uye enlamycin mukudya kwehuku yezuva 1 yeAA, iyo yakanga isina chinhu chakakosha pakuuraya. kushanda kana kunaka kwemhasuru, uye flavamycin yakaderedza kudonha kwekudonha kwe [4] munyama yehuku yechipfuva. Kubva pa0.03% gilomycin kusvika kumazuva makumi mashanu nematanhatu, chiyero chekuuraya chakawedzera ne 0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, chifuva chemhasuru ye8.76%, uye mudumbu wemafuta chiyero ne19.82% [21]. mhasuru yemhasuru yakawedzera ne19.00%, uye pectoral shear simba uye kurasikirwa kwekudonha kwaive kwakanyanya yakaderedzwa ne [22] .Yang Minxin akadyisa 45 mg / kg yegilomycin kune 1-zuva rekutanga kudya kweAA broilers zvakanyanya kuderedza kurasikirwa kwechipfuva chemusimba uye zvakanyanya kuwedzera [23] neT-SOD simba uye T-AOC. Chidzidzo cheZou Qiang et al panguva imwe chete yekudyisa nenzira dzakasiyana dzekuberekesa kwakaratidza kuti masticatory yekuona kukosha kweanti-cage gushi chicken zamu yakanyanya. improved; asi hunyoro uye kuravira zvaive nani uye chibodzwa chekuongorora chekunzwa chakavandudzwa zvakanyanya [24] .Liu Wenlong et al. vakawana kuti huwandu hwese hwehuku husina kunaka, aldehydes, alcohols uye ketones hwaive hwakanyanya kudarika huku dzemahara pane huku dzemba. Kubereka pasina kuwedzera mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kunaka kwe [25] mumazai kupfuura mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

5; Mhedzisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pane zvakasara muzvigadzirwa zvehuku

Mumakore achangopfuura, mamwe makambani anotevera zvido zvedivi rimwe chete, uye kushungurudzwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunotungamirira kukuwedzera kuunganidzwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muzvigadzirwa zvehuku. kg zvichiteerana, chiyero chekuonekwa chaive 33.3% uye 60%; iyo yakakwirira yakasara ye streptomycin mumazai yaiva 0.7 mg / kg uye chiyero chekuona chaiva 20% [26] .Wang Chunlin et al. kudyiswa kudya kwakasimba-kwesimba kunowedzerwa ne50 mg/kg yegilmomycin kusvika kuhuku yezuva rimwe. Chicken yakanga ine gilomycin yakasara muchiropa uye itsvo, nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe [27] muchiropa. Mushure me12 d, zvakasara zvegilmycin mumutsipa wechipfuva zvakanga zvisingasviki 0.10 g / g (yakawanda yakasara muganhu); uye zvakasara muchiropa neitsvo zvaiva 23 d maererano;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yakanga yakaderera pane inopindirana yepamusoro yakasara muganho [28] mushure me28 d.Lin Xiaohua yakanga yakaenzana nezvidimbu 173 zvezvipfuwo uye huku nyama yakaunganidzwa muGuangzhou kubva muna 2006 kusvika muna 2008, iyo yaipfuura yaiva 21.96%, uye zvinyorwa zvaiva 0.16 mg / kg ~9.54 mg / kg [29].Yan Xiaofeng akatsunga zvakasara zvezvishanu tetracycline mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mu50 egg samples, uye yakawana kuti tetracycline uye doxycycline yakanga ine zvakasara [30] mumasampuli ezai.Chen Lin et al. yakaratidza kuti nekuwedzera kwenguva yezvinodhaka, kuunganidzwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muchipfuva chemhasuru, tsandanyama yegumbo uye chiropa, amoxicillin nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, amoxicillin uye Doxycycline mumazai asingachinji, uye zvimwe [31] mumazai asingachinji.Qiu Jinli et al. akapa 250 mg/L kumabroilers emazuva akasiyana;;; uye 333 mg / L ye50% hydrochloride soluble powder kamwe pazuva nokuda kwe5 d, iyo yakawanda mumucheka wechiropa uye yakasara yakasara muchiropa uye musuru pasi [32] mushure mokunge 5 d kubvisa.

6; Mhedzisiro yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pakuramba zvinodhaka muhuku

Kushandiswa kwenguva refu kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muzvipfuwo uye huku kunobudisa mabhakitiriya akawanda asingaurayiwi nemishonga, kuitira kuti maruva epathogenic microbial flora zvishoma nezvishoma ashanduke kune nzira yekudzivisa zvinodhaka kusvika [33]. utachiona hunobva muhuku huri kuramba huchiwedzera kuipa, utachiona husingaurayiwi nemishonga huri kuramba huchiwedzera, kusanzwa kwemishonga kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, uye kusanzwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunoderera, izvo zvinounza matambudziko. kudzivirira zvirwere nekudzora.Liu Jinhua et al. 116 S. aureus strains akaparadzaniswa nemamwe mapurazi ehuku muBeijing neHebei akawana madhigirii akasiyana-siyana ekurwisa zvinodhaka, kunyanya kupikisa kwakawanda, uye kusagadzikana kwezvinodhaka S. aureus ane maitiro ekuwedzera gore negore [34] .Zhang Xiuying et al. akaparadzaniswa makumi maviri neshanu eSalmonella strains kubva kune mamwe mapurazi ehuku muJiangxi, Liaoning neGuangdong, aingonzwa kanamycin uye ceftriaxone, uye mwero wekupokana kune nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin uye mamwe aive akakura kupfuura 50% yefluoroquinolones. 35].Xue Yuan et al. akawana kuti 30 E. coli strains akaparadzaniswa muHarbin aiva nemanzwiro akasiyana kune 18 mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kuoma kwakanyanya kwemishonga yakawanda, amoxicillin / potassium clavulanate, ampicillin uye ciprofloxacin yaiva 100%, uye yakanyanya kunzwisiswa [36] kune amtreonam, amomycin uye polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen et al. yakaparadzana 10 mhando dze streptococcus kubva kunhengo dzehuku dzakafa, dzinopesana zvachose ne nalidixic acid uye lomesloxacin, inonzwira zvakanyanya kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycin uye meloxicillin, uye ine kumwe kuramba [37] kune mamwe akawanda maantibioti.Qu Ping chidzidzo chakawana kuti 72 marudzi ejejuni ane madhigirii akasiyana ekupikisa quinolones, cephalosporins, tetracyclines inopikisa zvikuru, penicillin, sulfonamide inopesana nepakati, macrolide, aminoglycosides, lincoamides inopesana zvishoma [38].

Kupfupisa, kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muindasitiri yehuku kunogona kuvandudza mashandiro ekugadzira, kuderedza chirwere, asi kwenguva refu uye kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya haingokanganisa immune system uye intestinal micro ecological balance, kuderedza kunaka kwenyama uye kuravira. nguva imwe chete ichabudisa bhakitiriya rekudzivirira uye zvinodhaka zvakasara munyama nemazai, zvinokanganisa kudzivirira kwechirwere chehuku uye kutonga uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvokudya, kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu.Muna 1986, Sweden ndiyo yakatanga kurambidza mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muzvokudya, uye muna 2006, European Union yakarambidza mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muzvipfuwo uye hukuku, uye zvishoma nezvishoma pasi rose.Muna 2017, World Health Organization yakadana kumisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kukurudzira kudzivirira zvirwere uye kukura kwehutano mumhuka. kunze kwetsvagiridzo yedzimwe nzira dzemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, sanganisa nekushandiswa kwemamwe matanho ekutonga uye matekinoroji, uye kusimudzira kuvandudzwa kweanopesana nekudzivirira kubereka, inova zvakare inove nzira yekusimudzira yeindasitiri yehuku mune ramangwana.

References: (39 zvinyorwa, zvakasiiwa)