Nyika Yakaomeswa – Ivhu Rakachena

01 Rudzi rweHupenyu Planet

Nemasetellite akawanda kana zviteshi zvemuchadenga zvichibhururuka muchadenga, mapikicha akawanda ePasi ari kudzoserwa kumashure. Tinowanzozvitsanangura isu senyika yebhuruu nekuti 70% yenzvimbo yePasi yakafukidzwa nemakungwa. Sezvo Nyika inodziya, kunyunguduka kwemazaya echando kuMaodzanyemba neMaodzanyemba kweMaodzanyemba kunowedzera, uye mwero wegungwa ucharamba uchikwira, zvichibvisa ivhu riripo. Mune ramangwana, nzvimbo yegungwa ichave yakakura, uye mamiriro ekunze ePasi achawedzera kuoma. Gore rino rinopisa zvikuru, gore rinotevera rinotonhora zvikuru, gore rinopfuura rapfuura rakaoma zvikuru, uye gore rinotevera dutu rinotevera rine ngwavaira. Isu tose tinoti pasi rinenge risina kufanira kugarwa nomunhu, asi kutaura idi, iyi inongova chinjo duku yenguva dzose yapasi. Pamberi pemitemo ine simba nemasimba echisiko, vanhu havasi chinhu.

Nemasetellite akawanda kana zviteshi zvemuchadenga zvichibhururuka muchadenga, mapikicha akawanda ePasi ari kudzoserwa kumashure. Tinowanzozvitsanangura isu senyika yebhuruu nekuti 70% yenzvimbo yePasi yakafukidzwa nemakungwa. Sezvo Nyika inodziya, kunyunguduka kwemazaya echando kuMaodzanyemba neMaodzanyemba kweMaodzanyemba kunowedzera, uye mwero wegungwa ucharamba uchikwira, zvichibvisa ivhu riripo. Mune ramangwana, nzvimbo yegungwa ichave yakakura, uye mamiriro ekunze ePasi achawedzera kuoma. Gore rino rinopisa zvikuru, gore rinotevera rinotonhora zvikuru, gore rinopfuura rapfuura rakaoma zvikuru, uye gore rinotevera dutu rinotevera rine ngwavaira. Isu tose tinoti pasi rinenge risina kufanira kugarwa nomunhu, asi kutaura idi, iyi inongova chinjo duku yenguva dzose yapasi. Pamberi pemitemo ine simba nemasimba echisiko, vanhu havasi chinhu.

Muna 1992, Joseph Kirschvink, purofesa we geology paCalifornia Institute of Technology, akatanga kushandisa izwi rokuti "Snowball Earth", iro rakazotsigirwa uye rakagadziridzwa nevakuru ve geologist. Snowball Earth ifungidziro isingagone kutsanangurwa zvizere parizvino, inoshandiswa kutsanangura zera rakakura uye rakanyanya kuomarara munhoroondo yePasi. Mamiriro ekunze ePasi akanga akaoma zvikuru, neavhareji yetembiricha yepasi rose yaisvika -40-50 madhigirii celsius, zvokuti Nyika yaitonhora zvikuru zvokuti pamusoro payo paingova nechando.

02 The Ice Kavha yeSnowball Earth

Snowball Earth pamwe yakaitika muNeoproterozoic (inenge 1-6 bhiriyoni makore apfuura), iri yeProterozoic nguva yePrecambrian. Nhoroondo yePasi ndeyekare uye yakareba. Kwakambotaurwa kuti mamiriyoni emakore enhoroondo yevanhu kungobwaira kweziso rePasi. Isu tinowanzo funga kuti Nyika yazvino yakakosha zvakanyanya pasi pekushandurwa kwevanhu, asi kutaura zvazviri, hachisi chinhu kunhoroondo yePasi nehupenyu. Iyo Mesozoic, Archean, uye Proterozoic eras (pamwe chete inozivikanwa seCryptozoic eras, iyo inotora makore angangoita mabhiriyoni mana ePasi bhiriyoni 4.6 makore), uye nguva yeEdiacaran muNeoproterozoic era yeProterozoic nguva yakakosha yehupenyu paPasi.

Munguva yeSnowball Earth nguva, pasi rakanga rakafukidzwa zvachose nechando nechando, pasina makungwa kana nyika. Pakutanga kwenguva iyi, paPasi paingova nechikamu chimwe chete chenyika chainzi supercontinent (Rodinia) pedyo neequator, uye imwe nharaunda yacho yaive makungwa. Kana Nyika iri mumamiriro ekushanda, makomo anoputika anoramba achiputika, mamwe matombo uye zvitsuwa zvinoonekwa pamusoro pegungwa, uye nzvimbo yepasi inoramba ichiwedzera. Kabhoni dhayokisaidhi inobudiswa nemakomo anoputika inoputira Pasi, ichiita greenhouse effect. Mazaya echando, sazvino, akatarisana kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwePasi, asingakwanisi kuvhara pasi pedyo neequator. Sezvo kuita kwePasi kuchidzikama, kuputika kwemakomo kunotangawo kudzikira, uye huwandu hwecarbon dioxide mumhepo hunotangawo kudzikira. Chinhu chakakosha chinopa kunwisa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi is rock weathering. Zvinoenderana nekupatsanurwa kwemaminerari ekuumbwa, matombo anonyanya kukamurwa kuita silicate matombo uye carbonate matombo. Silicate matombo anotora mumhepo CO2 panguva yemakemikari ekunze, uye obva achengeta CO2 muchimiro cheCaCO3, achigadzira geological time scale carbon sink effect (> 1 mamiriyoni emakore). Carbonate rock weathering inogonawo kutora CO2 kubva mumhepo, ichigadzira kabhoni sink yenguva pfupi (<100000 years) muchimiro cheHCO3-.

Iyi i dynamic equilibrium process. Kana huwandu hwekabhoni dhaikisaidhi inotorwa nemamiriro ekunze ematombo hukapfuura huwandu hwekubuda kwegomo rinoputika, kuwanda kwecarbon dioxide mumhepo kunotanga kuderera nekukurumidza, kusvika magasi egreenhouse apera zvachose uye tembiricha yotanga kuderera. Mazaya echando pamatanda maviri ePasi anotanga kupararira zvakasununguka. Sezvo nzvimbo ine mazaya echando ichiwedzera, pane nzvimbo zhinji chena dziri pamusoro pePasi, uye chiedza chezuva chinodzoserwa muchadenga neNyika ine chando, Zvichiwedzera kudonha kwetembiricha uye kukurumidza kuumbwa kwemazaya echando. Huwandu hwemazaya echando anotonhodza hunowedzera - chiedza chezuva chakawanda chinoratidza - kuwedzera kutonhora - mamwe machena echando. Mukutenderera uku, mazaya echando ari pamapango maviri aya anoomesa makungwa ose zvishoma nezvishoma, pakupedzisira achipora kumakondinendi ari pedyo neequator, uye pakupedzisira oita chando chihombe chakakora chinodarika 3000 metres, chichiputira Nyika zvachose kuita bhora rechando nechando. . Panguva iyi, kukwidziridzwa kwemhute yemvura paNyika kwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, uye mhepo yakanga yakaoma zvakanyanya. Chiedza chezuva chakapenya paNyika pasina kutya, chichibva chadzoserwa kumashure. Kusimba kwemwaranzi yeultraviolet uye kutonhora kwekushisa kwakaita kuti zvisakwanisika kuti chero hupenyu huvepo pamusoro pePasi. Masayendisiti anotaura nezveNyika kwemabhiriyoni emakore se' White Earth 'kana' Snowball Earth '.

03 Kunyunguduka kweNyika yeSnowball

Mwedzi wapera, pandakataura neshamwari dzangu nezvePasi panguva iyi, mumwe munhu akandibvunza kuti, 'Maererano nekutenderera uku, Nyika inofanira kugara yakaomeswa nechando. Yakazonyungudika sei pave paya?' Uyu ndiwo mutemo mukuru wezvakasikwa uye simba rekuzvigadzirisa.

Sezvo Nyika yakafukidzwa zvachose neaizi inosvika 3000 metres gobvu, matombo nemhepo zvakaparadzaniswa, uye matombo haakwanise kutora carbon dioxide kuburikidza nemamiriro ekunze. Zvakadaro, kuita kwePasi pachayo kunogona kuramba kuchikonzera kuputika kwemakomo, zvishoma nezvishoma kuburitsa carbon dioxide mumhepo. Zvinoenderana nekuverenga kwevesainzi, kana tichida kuti aizi iri paSnowball Earth inyunguduke, huwandu hwekabhoni dhayokisaidhi hunofanirwa kunge hwakapetwa ka350 kupfuura huwandu huripo paPasi, huchitora chikamu chinodarika 13% yemhepo yese (ikozvino 0.03%), uye nzira yekuwedzera iyi inononoka. Zvakatora makore anosvika mamiriyoni makumi matatu kuti mhepo yepanyika iunganidze carbon dioxide nemethane yakakwana, zvichiita kuti pave negreenhouse effect. Mazaya echando akatanga kunyunguduka, uye makondinendi ari pedyo neequator akatanga kuratidza aizi. Ivhu rakavhurika raive rakasviba muruvara kupfuura ice, richitora kupisa kwezuva uye kutanga mhinduro yakanaka. Tembiricha yePasi yakaramba ichiwedzera, mazaya echando akawedzera kudzikira, kuratidza kushomeka kwezuva, uye kuburitsa matombo akawanda, Kutora kupisa kwakawanda, zvishoma nezvishoma kuumba nzizi dzisingaite chando… uye Nyika inotanga kupora!

Mwedzi wapera, pandakataura neshamwari dzangu nezvePasi panguva iyi, mumwe munhu akandibvunza kuti, 'Maererano nekutenderera uku, Nyika inofanira kugara yakaomeswa nechando. Yakazonyungudika sei pave paya?' Uyu ndiwo mutemo mukuru wezvakasikwa uye simba rekuzvigadzirisa.

Sezvo Nyika yakafukidzwa zvachose neaizi inosvika 3000 metres gobvu, matombo nemhepo zvakaparadzaniswa, uye matombo haakwanise kutora carbon dioxide kuburikidza nemamiriro ekunze. Zvakadaro, kuita kwePasi pachayo kunogona kuramba kuchikonzera kuputika kwemakomo, zvishoma nezvishoma kuburitsa carbon dioxide mumhepo. Zvinoenderana nekuverenga kwevesainzi, kana tichida kuti aizi iri paSnowball Earth inyunguduke, huwandu hwekabhoni dhayokisaidhi hunofanirwa kunge hwakapetwa ka350 kupfuura huwandu huripo paPasi, huchitora chikamu chinodarika 13% yemhepo yese (ikozvino 0.03%), uye nzira yekuwedzera iyi inononoka. Zvakatora makore anosvika mamiriyoni makumi matatu kuti mhepo yepanyika iunganidze carbon dioxide nemethane yakakwana, zvichiita kuti pave negreenhouse effect. Mazaya echando akatanga kunyunguduka, uye makondinendi ari pedyo neequator akatanga kuratidza aizi. Ivhu rakavhurika raive rakasviba muruvara kupfuura ice, richitora kupisa kwezuva uye kutanga mhinduro yakanaka. Tembiricha yePasi yakaramba ichiwedzera, mazaya echando akawedzera kudzikira, kuratidza kushomeka kwezuva, uye kuburitsa matombo akawanda, Kutora kupisa kwakawanda, zvishoma nezvishoma kuumba nzizi dzisingaite chando… uye Nyika inotanga kupora!

Kuoma kwemitemo yechisikigo uye ecology yePasi inodarika kunzwisisa kwedu nekufungidzira kwedu kwevanhu. Kuwedzera kwemuchadenga CO2 kukonzeresa kunounza kudziya kwepasirese, uye tembiricha yepamusoro inosimudzira kemikari mamiriro ekunze ematombo. Huwandu hweCO2 hwakatorwa kubva mumhepo hunowedzerawo, zvichibva zvadzvanya kukurumidza kukura kwemuchadenga CO2 uye zvichitungamira mukutonhodza kwepasi rose, zvichigadzira nzira isina kunaka yekupindura. Kune rimwe divi, kana tembiricha yePasi yadzikira, kusimba kwemakemikari ekunze kunenge kwakadzikira, uye kuyerera kwemuchadenga CO2 kune kushomeka. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo CO2 inoburitswa nekuputika kwemakomo uye rock metamorphism inogona kuungana, ichikurudzira kusimukira kwePasi kusvika pakudziya uye kudzivirira tembiricha yePasi kubva pakudzikira.

Kuchinja uku, kunowanzoyerwa mumabhiriyoni emakore, hachisi chinhu chinogona kudzora vanhu. Semitezowo zvayo yechisiko, chatinofanira kuita zvikuru kuchinjika kuchisiko ndokuwirirana nemitemo yayo, panzvimbo pokushandura kana kuti kuparadza zvisikwa. Kuchengetedza nharaunda nerudo hupenyu ndizvo zvinofanirwa kuitwa nemunhu wese, zvikasadaro tinongotarisana nekutsakatika.